Why a passkey signature beats an email link
With email-link signing, the proof that you signed is the service's own record that someone opened your link and clicked, and the finished PDF usually carries the service's own seal, not a signature of yours; with a passkey, you make a cryptographic signature over a statement naming the exact document, with a key only you control and after a Face ID, fingerprint or PIN check on your device, and anyone can check it without trusting the service. Attest uses the email link only to invite you: the signature itself comes from your passkey, which can't be used on a lookalike site and leaves evidence that still checks out if Attest is gone.
By DataHubz · Updated October 12, 2026 · 6 min read
Two ways to sign
Email-link signing is how most e-signature services work. As DocuSign, Adobe Acrobat Sign and Dropbox Sign describe it on their own pages (as published on October 11, 2026), you receive an email, open the link and sign on the page. DocuSign tells customers that "recipients of your agreements do not need an account to sign with Docusign. Your agreement will be sent by email from dse@docusign.net". Adobe's help center says that when no extra authentication is set, "selecting the Review and sign button in the email opens the agreement for viewing and action". Dropbox Sign's legal page says a signer "must either have login information for Dropbox Sign, or have received in their email account a request for signature". The services then record what happened and seal the finished PDF. Senders can add checks such as access codes, SMS codes or ID verification, depending on the plan, and some cost extra per use.
Passkey signing is how Attest works. The email link still invites you, but the signature is made by your passkey: a cryptographic key only you control, unlocked with Face ID, Touch ID, Windows Hello or the device PIN. Your passkey signs a statement that names the exact document, by its fingerprint (a SHA-256 hash, a short code calculated from the file's contents), and everything you entered on it. Attest checks that signature against your passkey's public key before it records it.
Six situations where the difference shows
As published on October 11, 2026:
| What happens | Email-link signing | Your own passkey, on Attest |
|---|---|---|
| The email reaches someone else (forwarded, or read in a shared inbox) | Whoever opens the link can sign, unless the sender added a check such as an access code | Before you set up your passkey, your link is what lets you set one up, so keep it to yourself. After that, the link alone can't sign: Attest asks for a passkey registered to your email address |
| A lookalike page asks you to sign in | A code or password you type there can be captured | Your passkey works only on attest.datahubz.com. On a copycat site your browser has no Attest passkey to offer |
| The signer later says "I never signed that" | The evidence is the service's record that the link was used, often with an IP address and a time | The evidence is the signer's own signature over the document's fingerprint and their entries, made after their device verified them |
| Someone edits the document afterward | The service's seal on the finished PDF shows a change | The signature no longer matches the document, the anchored record on a public blockchain doesn't either, and verification fails |
| You need to prove it without the service | Part of the proof stays with the service: Dropbox Sign, for example, says it "can provide you with the two unique document records" | The proof travels inside the signed copy, with an open-source verifier that works without Attest |
| The signer's mailbox is taken over | Whoever controls the inbox controls new signing links | Signing in with your email alone can't add a passkey to your key: that takes a passkey you already have or your recovery phrase. But whoever controls your mailbox can still sign in and reset your key, which needs no passkey or phrase (a reset is for someone who has lost both), and so get a new key and passkey in your name. A reset removes your old passkeys, sends documents waiting for your signature back to their senders to release again, and Attest emails the reset to your address. Before you have a key, your invitation is what sets one up. Either way, your Attest account is as secure as your email account, so protect that account |
What a passkey adds that a click can't
- A signature only you could make. The private key never goes to Attest: as Apple says of passkeys, "The server never learns what the private key is." Many services' PDF signatures are platform seals instead: Documenso's documentation, for example, says (as published on October 12, 2026) "The signature is applied at the platform level, not by individual signers".
- A present, verified signer. Signing on Attest requires the passkey to confirm you were present and verified, with Face ID, a fingerprint or the device PIN. The check happens on your device, and your face or fingerprint is never sent.
- A signature tied to one document. The statement names the document's fingerprint and your entries, so the signature fits that document and no other.
- A signature tied to one website. WebAuthn, the standard behind passkeys, says a passkey "can only be used for authentication with the same entity (as identified by RP ID) it was registered with", and every Attest signature records the website it was made on.
- Evidence anyone can re-check. The signed statement, the signature, the passkey's public key and the WebAuthn data can be checked with any WebAuthn library. The open-source verifier inside every signed copy checks each signer's passkey signature, the original document, the pages you see and Attest's anchored record on Horizen, a public blockchain, even if Attest no longer exists.
What stays the same
- The invitation is still an email. Each signer gets their own private link, which acts on that one agreement only and never signs anyone in.
- Identity starts from the email address. Each signature is made by a passkey registered to the signer's email address. Attest confirms control of the email address and the passkey, not a government ID.
- The legal category. Both are electronic signatures. What changes is the strength of the evidence you can show.
What it's like for your signers
Signers don't create an account or a password, and they never pay. A first-time signer opens their link, sets up a passkey (one prompt with most passkey providers), and approves with it when they sign. Because the document is end-to-end encrypted, Attest can't give a first-time signer access itself: you're emailed, and you release it to them from the agreement with your passkey, from your phone if you like. On a computer without a passkey, a signer can approve with their phone through the browser's "Use a phone or tablet" option. How to get a document signed by someone who has no account walks through it from the signer's side.
Your first 2 documents are free, in total, and after that the Signing plan is $5 a month for 20 documents.
Questions people ask
- Doesn't Attest also send an email link?
- Yes, to invite each signer. The link opens that one agreement and never signs anyone in. The signature itself is made by the signer's passkey over the document's fingerprint and their entries, and once a signer has an Attest key, the link alone can't sign.
- What if a signer forwards their link to a colleague?
- Ask signers not to. Before a signer sets up their passkey, their link is what lets them set one up, so whoever holds it then could do so. After the signer has an Attest key, a signing link never replaces it, and signing needs a passkey registered to the signer's email address.
- Is a passkey signature more legally binding than an email-link signature?
- Both are electronic signatures: electronic signatures are recognized for most agreements in the United States (the ESIGN Act and UETA) and the European Union (eIDAS). Some documents, such as wills or certain notarized deeds, have special rules in many places: check yours. The difference is evidence: a passkey signature is the signer's own, over the exact document, and anyone can check it.
- Is a passkey harder for signers than clicking a link?
- Slightly, the first time: setting up a passkey takes one prompt with most providers, and a first-time signer waits for the sender to release the encrypted document with their passkey. After that, signing is the same Face ID, fingerprint or PIN prompt that unlocks their phone or computer.
- Can someone use a signer's passkey without them?
- Only by passing the Face ID, fingerprint or PIN check on a device or passkey manager that holds the signer's passkey, because every Attest signature requires that check. Signing in with the signer's email can't add a passkey to their key, but it can reset the key with no passkey or recovery phrase, which gives whoever holds the mailbox a new key and passkey; Attest removes the old passkeys and emails the reset to that address, so signers should protect their email accounts. WebAuthn notes that a device can let several people enroll fingerprints or know the same PIN, so signers should keep their devices to themselves.
Sources
- Docusign eSignature plans and pricing, Docusign, read October 11, 2026
- Docusign eSignature features, Docusign, read October 11, 2026
- Acrobat Sign authentication methods (help page last updated June 3, 2025; Internet Archive copy of January 31, 2026), Adobe, read October 11, 2026
- Dropbox Sign legal, Dropbox, read October 11, 2026
- Dropbox Sign audit trail overview, Dropbox, read October 11, 2026
- Documenso: Signing certificates, Documenso, read October 12, 2026
- About the security of passkeys, Apple, read October 12, 2026
- Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials, Level 3 (W3C Recommendation, August 25, 2026), section 4, W3C, read October 12, 2026
- 15 U.S.C. Chapter 96, Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (United States Code, 2023 edition), U.S. Government Publishing Office, read October 11, 2026
- Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (1999), final text with comments, Uniform Law Commission, read October 11, 2026
- Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 (eIDAS), consolidated text, EUR-Lex, Publications Office of the European Union, read October 11, 2026
Read next
- Passkeys for signing documents, explained
What a passkey is, how it signs a document, why it resists phishing and leaks, what happens if you lose your phone, and how Attest uses passkeys.
- How to prove someone signed a document electronically
The evidence that proves an electronic signature: intent, identity, integrity and timing. How most services record it, and how Attest makes it checkable.
- "I never signed that": proving an e-signature
When a counterparty denies signing: how e-signature disputes are argued, the evidence to gather, and how Attest's passkey signatures answer the claim.
- Document signing
Electronic signatures with a passkey: no account or password for signers, documents encrypted in the browser, and a signed copy anyone can verify.